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German submarine U-78 (1940)
German submarine ''U-78'' was a Type VIIC submarine of Nazi Germany's ''Kriegsmarine'' during World War II. She was the only German submarine to be sunk by land-based artillery fire during the war.
She was ordered on 25 January 1939, and laid down on 28 March 1940, in the shipyard of Bremer Vulkan in the port city of Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 6. ''U-78'' was launched on 7 December 1940 and formally commissioned into the Kriegsmarine as a "school boat" on 15 February 1941, with a crew of 41 under the command of ''Kapitänleutnant'' Alfred Dumrese.〔
==Design==
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. ''U-78'' had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . ''U-78'' was fitted with two torpedo tubes at the bow, fourteen torpedoes, one , 220 rounds, and an anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.
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